[90], In 1572, a bill was introduced in the Queen's 4th Parliament that would allow Protestants, with their bishop's permission, to omit ceremonies from the 1559 prayer book, and bishops would be further empowered to license clergymen to use the French and Dutch stranger church liturgies. Elizabeth I and English Patriotism | Western Civilization The traditionalist argument was very pro-Protestant. Which of the following was NOT included in the Thirty-Nine Articles? The Settlement failed to end religious disputes. Was the Elizabethan settlement successful? It included the Act of Supremacy, Act of Uniformity, a new Book of Common Prayer, and the Thirty-Nine Articles. How far do you agree? Consequently, Elizabeth's reforms would have to be introduced with care. [98] Whitgift's first move against the Puritans was a requirement that all clergy subscribe to three articles, the second of which stated that the Prayer Book and Ordinal contained "nothing contrary to the word of God". All members of the Church had to take the oath of supremacy under the Act of Supremacy if they were to keep their posts. Two bishops were sent to the Tower of London as a consequence. Taxes that had been paid to Rome were, as before Mary's reign, redirected to the English government. World History Encyclopedia. John Whitgift of Cambridge University, a leading advocate for conformity, published a reply in October 1572, and he and Cartwright subsequently entered into a pamphlet war. License. [75], Catholics were forced to choose between attending Protestant services to comply with the law or refusing to attend. The Religious Settlement - GCSE History [40] Across the nation, parishes paid to have roods, images and altar tabernacles removed, which they had only recently paid to restore under Queen Mary. During this time, priests said Mass in Latin wearing traditional Catholic vestments. The Archbishop of Canterbury remained at the top, the Archbishop of York was number two, and the monarch appointed the bishops and archbishops. We want people all over the world to learn about history. Historians debate how fast and complete the settlement changed religion in England. Historians John Coffey and Paul C. H. Lim write that the Elizabethan Church "was widely regarded as a Reformed church, but it was anomalous in retaining certain features of late medieval Catholicism", such as cathedrals, church choirs, a formal liturgy contained in the prayer book, traditional clerical vestments and episcopal polity. [105], At the start of his reign, Puritans presented the Millenary Petition to the King. Retrieved from https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1565/the-elizabethan-religious-settlement/. 10 of Elizabeth I's Key Achievements | History Hit John Calvin, an influential Continental reformer, had called Henry VIII's claim to supreme headship blasphemy. 5 Etching of Elizabeth I in Parliament. [49], The Queen was disappointed by the extreme iconoclasm of the Protestants during the visitations. [63], The Elizabethan settlement was further consolidated by the adoption of a moderately Protestant doctrinal statement called the Thirty-nine Articles of Religion. . [111] Puritans became dissenters. Elizabeth's efforts led to the Religious Settlement, a legal process by which the Protestant Church of England was restored and the queen took the title of Supreme Governor of the Church of England. [54], Music in the Church of England was limited to biblical texts and music sung during worship in the early church. It was also a concession to the Queen's Protestant supporters who objected to "supreme head" on theological grounds and who had concerns about a female leading the Church. Almost 200 Catholic priests and those who helped them were hunted and burned. [73] They also acted as a "Church government in exile", providing Catholics in England with advice and instructions. The Book of Common Prayer gave English-speaking people prayers in their language. Why did Henry VIII break with the Catholic Church? [57] Churches employed singers for special occasions,[58] which might be paid with money, wine, or ale and bread. [87] Bishop Jewel called the surplice a "vestige of error". . This debacle occurred at the same time that Puritanism's most powerful defenders at Court were dying off. This was by no means a simple task as, in these early stages, nobody quite knew what Anglicism precisely was except that it was not Catholicism or extreme Protestantism but somewhere in-between. and more. [27] Under this bill, the Pope's jurisdiction in England was once again abolished, and Elizabeth was to be Supreme Governor of the Church of England instead of supreme head. She reversed the religious innovations introduced by her father and brother. The papal bull Regnans in Excelsis released Elizabeth's Catholic subjects from any obligation to obey her. In October 1559, she ordered that a crucifix and candlesticks be placed on the communion table in the Chapel Royal. The next sovereign was Catholic Mary I of England (r. 1553-1558 CE), and she reversed the Reformation. During this time, motets were replaced by anthems,[55] and William Byrd's Great Service was composed for the royal chapel and cathedrals. of the users don't pass the Elizabethan Settlement quiz! The Act of Supremacy 1559 This required all clergymen and government officers to . There was opposition to the moderate features of the Settlement from both radical Catholics and radical Protestants. Meaning he could finally divorce Catherine! The Elizabethan Religious Settlement was composed of the following principal elements: Henry VIII had started the English Reformation which split the Church in England from Catholic Rome. Bishops Watson of Lincoln and White of Winchester were imprisoned in the Tower. Puritan clergy in this movement organised local presbyteries or classes, from which the movement took its name. Instead of treating these objects as being transformed into the body and blood of Jesus Christ when blessed by a Catholic priest, the Protestant preacher merely encouraged the believer to take them as a reminder of Christ's sacrifice. [94] Rather, the Admonition's authors believed that presbyterianism was the only biblical form of church government, whereas Whitgift argued that no single form of church government was commanded in the Bible. During Edward's reign, the Church of England adopted a Reformed theology and liturgy. [35], The most significant revision was a change to the Communion Service that added the words for administering sacramental bread and wine from the 1549 prayer book to the words in the 1552 book. Implemented between 1559 and 1563, the settlement is considered the end of the English Reformation, permanently shaping the theology and liturgy of the Church of England and laying the foundations of Anglicanism's unique identity. 8,000 priests and less important clergy did so. The Elizabethan Settlement provided the foundation for the Church of England, much of which is still in place today. Instead, she approached religion with a more pragmatic air. "[78] By the late 1560s, recusancy was becoming more common. As a Protestant, Elizabeth had to tread carefully between both faiths to maintain unity. Bacon outlined the course to reach this goal by explaining that members were not to insult each other with terms like 'heretic', 'schismatic' or 'Papist'. The World History Encyclopedia logo is a registered trademark. [106], The Church of England's dominant theology was still Calvinism, but a group of theologians associated with Bishop Lancelot Andrewes disagreed with many aspects of the Reformed tradition, especially its teaching on predestination. Discover the rich royal history of the area where Henry VIII builthis first tournament ground, Elizabeth I took daily walks in the Park, and where Charles II raced early royal yachts against his brother We use cookies to ensure you have the best browsing experience and to help us improve our website. Indulge in gifts inspired by its Elizabethan symbolism. The Elizabethan religious settlement survived with the attrition of other religious beliefs and practices. [38] In 1559, Elizabeth was still unsure of the theological orientation of her Protestant subjects, and she did not want to offend the Lutheran rulers of northern Europe by veering too far into the Reformed camp. A series of Church reforms that sought to create a middle ground between rival Catholics and Protestants. [82], The Queen's excommunication and the arrival of the seminary priests brought a change in government policy toward recusants. Edward VI believed that strict Protestantism was best for the Church of England, and his reforms undid all of the protections for traditional religion enacted in 1539. The north of England remained conservative in religious matters and England's three closest neighbours (Scotland, France, and Spain) were all Catholic states. Every church had to have a Bible in English available to its congregation, no further altars were to be destroyed, and pilgrimages were banned. [10], Mary I, Elizabeth's half-sister, became queen in 1553. Essay assessing the validity of the view: "The Elizabethan religious What was the Elizabethan Religious Settlement? Elizabethan religious settlement: the Timeline of key events. Since the Act of Uniformity 1549 which approved the first prayer book was passed in January, it is likely that the provisions of the 1549 prayer book were intended, even though Edward's second year ended several months before the book was published. In the end, Archbishop Parker issued a code of discipline for the clergy called the Advertisements, and the most popular and effective Protestant preachers were suspended for non-compliance. Cartwright, Mark. [7] Christ's Real Presence in the Eucharist was no longer explained by the Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation; instead, the 1552 Book of Common Prayer promoted the Reformed teaching of Christ's spiritual presence. Henry was later excommunicated from the Catholic Church after his secret marriage to Anne. According to historian Diarmaid MacCulloch, the conflicts over the Elizabethan Settlement stem from the "tension between Catholic structure and Protestant theology". Again, the question remained a moving target, and many-faced persecution as the definition of acceptable religion continued to shift. [27], Another bill introduced to the same Parliament with the intent to return Protestant practices to legal dominance was the Uniformity bill, which sought to restore the 1552 prayer book as the official liturgy. The Elizabethan Religious Settlement was a collection of laws and decisions concerning religious practices introduced between 1558-63 CE by Elizabeth I of England (r. 1558-1603 CE). The seminary priests were dependent on the gentry families of southern England. The Council hoped that by separating them at least the Supremacy bill would pass. They tried to push more Protestant-leaning reforms in 1566 but failed. Web. There were 10,000 parishes in England at this time so this shows that the religious settlement was largely successful . The Elizabethan . To realise this vision it was necessary to reach a new religious settlement that was as inclusive as possible. It seemed that out of sight was out of mind, and this principle would apply to practising Christians of both sides in the debate. While affirming traditional Christian teaching as defined by the first four ecumenical councils, it tried to steer a middle way between Reformed and Lutheran doctrines while rejecting Anabaptist thinking. Two other important features of the Act of Uniformity were, first, church attendance was made compulsory. Declaration on the proceedings of a Conference at Westminster, March 1559 (SP12/3/52, f.163r-164v) These are extracts from a report on the conference on religion, held during the Easter recess of Queen Elizabeth's first Parliament. The Religious Settlement of 1559 - History Learning Site While the prayer book directed the use of ordinary bread for communion, the Injunctions required traditional wafers to be used. The latter problem was addressed by establishing seminaries to train and ordain English priests. Elizabeth's bishops protested both moves as revivals of idolatry, arguing that all images were forbidden by the Second Commandment. From there they wrote and published a large body of Catholic polemical work to counter Protestantism, particularly Thomas Harding, Richard Smyth, and William Allen. Parker was a prominent scholar and had served as chaplain to Elizabeth's mother, Anne Boleyn. [61] By far the most popular and reprinted metrical Psalter was Thomas Sternhold's Whole book of Psalms. What year were the Acts of Uniformity and Supremacy passed? By the 1580s, conformist Protestants (termed "parish anglicans" by Christopher Haigh and "Prayer Book protestants" by Judith Maltby) were becoming a majority. The Elizabethan settlement did not settle the religious debates brought by the Reformation. When his request was denied, Henry separated the Church of England from the Roman Catholic Church and claimed that he, rather than the pope, was its supreme head on earth. [115], Diarmaid MacCulloch states that Hooker's writings helped to create an "Anglican synthesis". It was a defeat for the Queen's legislative programme, so she withheld royal assent. But that does not mean that it was never again contested. The Act of Supremacy became law. The Elizabethan Religious Settlement was contained in two acts - the Act of Supremacy and the Act of Uniformity. [28], The bill included permission to receive communion in two kinds. Under Mary's rule, England returned to the Catholic Church and recognised the pope's authority. [28], The alternative title was less offensive to Catholic members of Parliament, but this was unlikely to have been the only reason for the alteration. [16] In February, the House of Commons passed a Reformation Bill that would restore royal supremacy, the Edwardine Ordinal, and a slightly revised 1552 prayer book. Wealthy church papists attended their parish church but had Mass at home or hired two chaplains, one to perform the prayer book service and the other to perform the Mass. Examples of permissible music included metrical psalms and liturgical texts such as the Te Deum. Catholics gained an important concession. Those exiles with ties to John Calvin's reformation in Geneva were notably excluded from consideration. Although most people were able to sing, worship was dominated by choral liturgies, especially in the cathedrals. [34][35] Opposition to the so-called "popish wardrobe" made it impossible to enforce the rubric. Neither France nor Spain reacted to the changes, perhaps believing that they were as temporary as they hoped Elizabeth's reign would be. [33] The rubric provided instructions for clerical vestments, stating that until the Queen ordered otherwise ministers were to "use such ornaments as were in use by the authority of Parliament in the second year of the reign of King Edward VI". [65], With the Queen's approval, Convocation also issued a second Book of Homilies with sermons on 20 topics. Please support World History Encyclopedia. [50] A year later, the Queen herself ordered the demolition of all lofts, but the rood beams were to remain on which the royal arms were to be displayed. It was given statutory force by the Subscription Act, which required all new ministers to affirm their agreement with this confessional statement. Elizabeth's first Parliament was inaugurated on 25 January 1559. This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. A proclamation forbade any "breach, alteration, or change of any order or usage presently established within this our realm". "[108] Laudianism, however, was unpopular with both Puritans and Prayer Book Protestants, who viewed the high church innovations as undermining forms of worship they had grown attached to. The Elizabethan Religious Settlement was a collection of laws and decisions concerning religious practices introduced between 1558-63 CE by Elizabeth I of England (r. 1558-1603 CE). There is none other like it in Europe. Elizabethan Religious Settlement | History | tutor2u Matters were to be debated in a respectful fashion. In addition, the Pope excommunicated Elizabeth for heresy in 1570 CE. Queen Elizabeth was in attendance for the opening speech which was delivered by Nicholas Bacon, the Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal. However, only 4% of all lower clergy . Was there a middle ground between Catholics and Protestants? Immediately, she established that England was not tied to Rome in any way. Elizabeth accepted the title of Supreme Governor of the Church of England upon her ascension in 1558. Returning to Protestantism would align England with the Dutch, its main trading partner, but risked antagonising Spain, the most powerful nation in the world. Elizabeth's Religious Settlement Essay - lagas It remains a unique institution that treads between Catholicism and Protestantism known in other regions. 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[115] It was in the period after 1660 that Richard Hooker's thought became influential within the Church of England, as Anglicans tried to define themselves in ways distinct from Protestant dissenters. The English Reformation began with Henry VIII of England (r. 1509-1547 Mary, Queen of Scots was the queen of both Scotland (r. 1542-1567 Mary I of England reigned as queen from 1553 to 1558 CE. James was himself a moderate Calvinist, and the Puritans hoped the King would move the English Church in the Scottish direction. The upheaval by yet another major religious reform resulted in rebellion in many English provinces. The Elizabethan Settlement sought to provide a compromise between Protestants and Catholics by making a Church of England that had elements of both. Article 34, for example, stated the following: It is not necessary that Traditions and Ceremonies be in all places one, or utterly alike; for at all times they have been divers, and may be changed according to the diversities of countries, times and men's manners, so [provided] that nothing be ordained against God's WordEvery particular or national church hath authority to ordain, change, and abolish ceremonies or rites of the Church. [23][21] It was not popular with the clergy, and the Convocation of Canterbury reacted by affirming papal supremacy, transubstantiation and the Mass as a sacrificial offering. Anyone suspected of not recognising Elizabeth as head of the Church would now find themselves before a new court, the Court of High Commission. Regardless of how quickly Elizabethan reform spread throughout England, the legislation of the Elizabethan Settlement did stabilize the face of the Church of England. [36] When communicants received the bread, they would hear the words, "The body of our Lord Jesus Christ, which was given for thee, preserve thy body and soul unto everlasting life [1549]. Bishop Goldwell of St Asaph was never summoned to Parliament, and the elderly Bishop Tunstall of Durham was excused from attending on account of age. How successful was the Elizabethan settlement within the - MyTutor The first act passed by the House of Commons in February 1559 joined together a bill of supremacy, establishing Queen Elizabeth I as head of the church, with one of uniformity, dealing with the type of faith and service. [64][pageneeded] In 1571, Convocation finalised the Thirty-nine Articles. . DOCX WordPress.com [37] This combination could be interpreted as an affirmation of an objective real presence to those who believed in it, while others could interpret it to mean memorialism. This perception was seemingly confirmed when Elizabeth was excommunicated by Pope Pius V in February 1570. Through the 1580s, Puritans were organised enough to conduct what were essentially covert national synods. The Elizabethan Settlement was religious legislation that provided a compromise between English Catholics and Protestants. [113] The suppression and marginalisation of Prayer Book Protestants during the 1640s and 1650s had made the prayer book "an undisputed identifier of an emerging Anglican self-consciousness. Stop procrastinating with our study reminders. [56] Parish churches tended to have less music as Puritan influences argued against using of funds to pay for choristers. She tried to make everyone happy and to at least avoid infuriating any more people. [85], There were objections over the prayer book, including certain formulas and responses, the sign of the cross in baptism, the surplice and use of a wedding ring in marriage. Have all your study materials in one place. [60], Devotional singing at home was shared between family and friends. This iconic portrait isnow back on public display in the Queen's House after careful conservation. Some modifications were made to appeal to Catholics and Lutherans, including giving individuals greater latitude concerning belief in the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist and permission to use traditional priestly vestments. The articles removed Catholic sacraments: Confirmation, Penance, Holy Orders, Marriage, and Last Rites or Extreme Unction. [48] These provisions offended many Protestants, and in practice, the Injunctions were often ignored by church leaders. Large numbers of deans, archdeacons, cathedral canons, and academics (mostly from Oxford but also from Cambridge) lost their positions. [89] These Puritans were not without influence, enjoying the support of powerful men such as the Earl of Leicester, Walter Mildmay, Francis Walsingham, the Earl of Warwick and William Cecil. There were obstacles, notably the presence of many Catholic bishops who had been appointed by Mary and many catholic-minded nobles in the government. In the aftermath of the conformist assault, the 1590s were relatively free of theological controversy. [80], By 1574, Catholic recusants had organised an underground Roman Catholic Church, distinct from the Church of England. As spokesman for the government, Bacon delivered its mission statement, to unite the people of this realm into a uniform order of religion'. Why Was The Elizabethan Settlement Important? - QNA Experts [85] In England, however, Protestants were forced to operate within a church structure unchanged since medieval times with the same threefold orders of bishop, priest and deacon along with church courts that continued to use medieval canon law. [101], In response to Bridges' A Defence of the Government Established in the Church of England for Ecclesiastical Matters, an anonymous Puritan under the pseudonym Martin Marprelate published a series of tracts attacking leading conformist clergy. The Queen never forgave John Knox for writing The First Blast of the Trumpet Against the Monstruous Regiment of Women, which denounced female monarchs, and the Reformation in Geneva was tainted by association. 'Bloody Mary's' brief reign was ended by cancer, and her half-sister Elizabeth took the throne in 1558 CE. The fine was one shilling, then about one day's labour for a skilled worker, but few were collected in practice. Everything you need for your studies in one place. Edward VI's death is believed to be caused by a subsequent case of tuberculosis after he suffered from measles. Which of the two mentioned historians do you agree with? Cite This Work From the Puritans and Calvinists, it "inherited a contradictory impulse to assert the supremacy of scripture and preaching".